what is cuk converter?

D is the Cuk converter. C. and D.. C converter, step-up and step-down the input bholtejake can be both.It is switched on / off by holding indaktara and kyapasitare energy. But the Buck, Boost, Buck - Boost kanabhartare input energy is stored in a large indaktare the cuka kanabhartarera (Ćuk converter) during the large-scale kyapasitare.Ćuk converter-A of the Current State of the indaktara capacitors charge and store energy. On the estate is to discharge a load of indaktara.Indaktara the capacitors charge and discharge more stable karentata justly, Keywords: Ripple is less. Convert the DC input from the battery to the DC iphisiyentali. Indaktara been around for awhile to come karentata kansatyanta ... The DC output. C is much more smooth and free Keywords: Ripple

It's named after the designer Slobodan Ćuk called from Ćuk convert

P & P (PNP) transistors diagnose

P n P (PNP) tranajistarera the two pin negative (-) and a pin is positive (+) is. See the following figure, Figure madhyakhanera pin down the (+) Common pin. In the case of m positive pinata tranajistarera madhyakhanera pins (2nam) to connect and m negative pinata first tranajistarera 1 of the pin and the next 3 pin connection, and the connection of the two meters of the show will (if P ena P (PNP) the transistors), usually in the way we ena P & P (PNP) transistors can be determined.
However, today the transistors just had to post it, but due to shortage of time is 1 pm. Tomorrow I'll inasaallah rest.
 

Battery talk:

The battery is a very useful product. This is the type of battery. Such as -The first 2ta byatarike can be divided into:1.Primary: tataksanika use, it can not charge. Disposable. [Elakalaina, (Zinc carbon than most seen, due to cheap)] is.Secondary: rechargeable battery. The charges are used.Battery cell:Depending on the used batteries ilekatrolaitera1.Dry Cell:That they have ilekatrolaita paste or dried kemikelera the dry cell [Pencil, lithium-ion, button cell, etc.].Advantages: easy maintenance, bhenata gas tube is not so.Disadvantages: expensive, very sensitive charges, not just the quality of the battery can be nasata. It takes more time to charge.The.Wet CellThe underlying ilekatrolaita liquid [Lead Acid battery or the vehicle] is the wet cell. Egulote heavy metal lead, acid drabane is dubano.Advantages: kamadama, stronger, stronger, availableDisadvantages: charges at the time of the gas is running to keep the tubes are vents. Electrolyte level should be observing. Support leak and fire burn, consuming.AGM battery is the sort of [ebajarbada glass mat] in the electrolyte and the lead plates are used in the glass mats, the electrolyte is absorbed by the glass mat.Advantages: low maintenance, does not require bhenatim, charges quickly, can be placed anywhere.Disadvantages: Expensive, High Volt charges the battery may be damaged.

How to find the value of Capacitor

Ceramic capacitor's value is not in the samaya ekui, no value and no samaya samaya code is given.

Code to value: -
104 code instead of the last sankha 4 of 4 4 0 (zero) will be put. This means putting pailama 100000 1000000 0 100000pf it can be shared by. Pailama share value of 0.1 0.1μf
104 = 100000pf / 1000000 = .1 μf
105 = 1000000pf / 1000000 = 1μf

Value to code: -
Who will be multiplied by .01 μf value 1000000. The pailama 10000 times 10000pf to the first except that the sankha 3 0 (zero), and the 0 (zero) 3 Remove 3 will be put. 3 pailama putting the code 103 103,
.01 Μf = .01 × 1000000 = 10000pf = 103
n = 1000
22n = 22 × 1000 = 22000pf = 223 (code)
22n = 22000pf / 1000000 = 0.022μf (value)
100n = 100 × 1000 = 100000pf = 104 (code)

Automatic roof water tank circuits basics

The roof of the water tank through the Swiss take the basics of motor control is a problem, such as a water tank or a tank full of water into drains. Now the trouble is, now out of the water tank is on the motor and the automatic motor of flowers may be automatic. Work for the benefit of the tank and circuits are described,This is a very simple circuit. IC sarkite that the connection has been made the connection that it was just pay, all you have to parse the value sarkite. Dc 12VOLT pauyara supply circuit switch.
Please take the water tank and the tank inside a pipe plasatika abastaya stand up there, whatever the type of pipe plasatika's three losses have involved lots of travel to distant places of copper. Paipata better use of the tank stand. The copper plate was shot in the back duratte fitted sheet, just like the size of the lagabena. The fitted sheet copper pipes from three to three of its connection, it has been shown in the film. Three of the P2-P1-P3, sarkitatira with this form of the P2-P1-p3. P1-P1 connection lagabena fixations. P2 and P2 lagabena connection. Kanekasana lagabena with P3 P3.
• whenever the P1-P2-P3-fitted to the tank to keep the water level above kanekasanera dikhe ute and P2 in the ICT exceeds that of the D400 tranjatarera base in volts, and the result is a lot tranjaterera Collector fitted with matarati relay is off.• Check that the water level goes down to the level of P1 and P3 lebhalera majhamaji only tranjestara base volts D400 calo calo matarati in the water, and the relay is on the move.• sarkitatite that the relay has been shown to switch the relay with your byabahita matarera empiyarera sucati do not need to buy a relay switch that can burn.
 

What is Relay?

ANS:
What if the first relay signal relay budhate the attention of the set.
It led to a sort of relay magnet / electro switch. The operating voltage is supplied to the kayele niddista. 3 switching is switching between his wings.
The 5-foot two legs of the relay is operating supply current is. The symbol is shown on the left side. Kayelatite the left side of the middle leg on the right side of the power supply just over the top of the N / C (Normally Close) identified a 'stamp is the Short. Common foot center with the N / C (Normally Close) identified a 'hidden connection is present. Again when the supply voltage is on the left side of the operating kayele only the center leg at the top of the N / C (Normally Close) identified a 'hidden connections with the bottom of the N / O (Normally Open) in connection with their feet.
 

Advantages of optical fiber

■ 1. High bandwidth and potential Long distensahCopper cable's bandwidth optical fiber, which is more than can be at much higher data transfer. The maximum bandwidth of the optical fiber and copper cables above 10 gbps of bandwidth to a maximum of 1 gbps. Glass than ten thousand times the power of light, and the transparent glass is used as the data to be transmitted much faster. On second and ten billion times - the Laser Beam mode of data is transmitted through the fiber apatikse. Transfer of optical fiber stalk distance ranges from 300 m to 40 km and a maximum of 100 m of copper cable.
■ The. Short range and low ojanahMuch less than the circumference of the optical fiber and the glossy hair. He's been on the periphery of the fiber protective coating the copper cables of less than. Fiber is lighter than copper. Mr. telecommunication copper cables kih 700 tons of weight 0. This is the same only if it is made of fiber glass, only 7 kg.
■ 3. Electrical aisolesana muktahDaiilektrika optical fiber. Glass or plastic polymer made of the optical fiber just like other gharsane spark or short - circuit is caused.
■ 4. Electrical intarapharensa muktahNoise is a common transmission line intarapharensa electromagnisom specification is based on the origin. Kanadaktarera flow of electrons through the magnetic field, which is generated from the flow of current. Since the optical fiber, the light signal passes Electrical intarapharensa's so trouble free.
■ 5. High signal sikuritihOptical fiber, copper cable, so it's not like the signal radiator risibare guarantee of obtaining the maximum signal.
■ 6. Low transmission lasahThe development of optical fiber and 0 years of work and improvements are coming. The optical fiber is currently produced better quality than any copper wire causes a very low transmission loss.
■ 7. Low kastahOptical fiber to create a material cost has been decreasing day by day. Long transmission lines in order to reduce the cost of copper wire tulanaya. Lifetime ones.
 

What is vaccum currcuit breaker.define with cause and where be use it Device?

ANS:
A breaker is normally used to break a ciruit. while breaking the circuit, the contact terminals will be separated. At the time of seperation an air gap is formed in between the terminals. Due to existing current flow the air in the gap is ionised and results in the arc. various mediums are used to quench this arc in respective CB's. but in VCB the medium is vaccum gas. since the air in the CB is having vaccum pressure the arc formation is interrupted. VCB's can be used upto 11kv.
 

Electronics Reference Sheet

Mini variable power supply

T1 steps down AC voltage from 115VAC (or 220VAC) to about 8VAC and is then rectified via bridge rectifier BR1 to about 11.52Vdc. C1 filters off the AC ripple. If you find the circuit output too noisy add another electrolytic capacitor over the output terminals. Value can be between 10 and 100uF/25V. The output voltage is variable with the 10K-potentiometer while keeping the current constant.

T1 = 115/8 VAC transformer. Center Tap not needed.
Q1 = 2N1613, NTE128, or substitute. (TO-39 case) On coolrib!
BR1 = 40V, 4A. (Check max current of your mini-drill and add 2A)
R1 = 470 ohm, 5%
R2 = 1K, 5%
P1 = Potentiometer, 10K
C1 = 1000uF, 25V, electrolytic
C2 = 0.1uF (100nF), ceramic
 

What do you mean by substation?

 ANS:
The electric power is now generated in the form of alternating current. The electric power is produced in the power station, which is generally very far from the consumer premises. So, the generation, transmission and distribution are facing much difficulty. It is distributed to the consumer or user by the help of a very large interconnected network. In the network it is very important to change some characteristics for transmitting and distributing the electric power properly. Such as, ac to dc conversion (by using thyratron and mercury arc rectifier), voltage up or down (If the generating voltage is 11kv then transfer it to the high voltage range of 220kv), frequency change, power factor correction and improvement. This change needs a setup of some apparatus properly, in short this types of setup is called substation.

The assembly of electrical apparatus whose purpose is changing the some major characteristics of the electric supply system is called substation.

The substation is very important for achieving the continuity of supply to the consumers. In some cases the ac is need to convert in dc for running the dc motor, traction, electroplating processes this type of conversion is performed by the sub-station (ignitron).

Dc motor cutaway

What is difference between an Alternator and a Generator?

ANS:
In a generator, an armature is spun inside a magnetic field. The armature consists of several coils which generate electrical energy as they spin through the magnetic fields. "Brushes" (electrical devices to transfer the electrical energy from the moving armature) conduct the electrical energy to a wire. The strength of the electrical output can be controlled by varying the strength of the stationary magnetic field that is OUTSIDE the spinning armature. If that magnetic field is to be changed, it typically must be an electromagnetic.
An ALTERNATOR is exatly the opposite. The brushes make contact with two spinning rings. The rings are connected to coils, and when voltage is applied the armature (in the case of an alternator it is called a "rotor") becomes a spinning electromagnet. A stationary coil or set of coils, depending on the complexity of the armature, generates electrical current as the magnets pass by.
An alternator produces "alternating current" electricity which must be converted to "direct current" in the case of automobiles. The conversion is relatively simple, using what is called a "diode plate", which is as the name suggests, a collection of diodes.
 

Why Human body feel Electric shock ??

ANS:
Unfortunately our body is a pretty good conductor of electricity, The golden rule is Current takes the lowest resistant path if you have insulation to our feet as the circuit is not complete (wearing rubber footwear which doing some repairs is advisable as our footwear is a high resistance path not much current flows through our body).The electric train is well insulated from its electrical system.

PARALLEL OPERATION of GENERATORS

Parallel Operation of Generators
In modern power systems isolated generators are very rare. Power systems are highly
interconnected and many generators share the load. The first problem of an engineer is
connecting a synchronous generator on an existing bus.

CONNECTING a GENERATOR to a BUS
The above figure 4-1 illustrates a generator G1 which is already connected to a power
grid under load. Generator 2 has to be connected or “brought on line”

1. The prime mover of the generator has to bring the speed of the shaft close to the rated speed of the generator.

2. The excitation of the generator has to be increased to give a no-load output voltage as close as possible to the existing bus voltage We want to create a phasor rotation for generator 2 output similar to the bus voltage phasor.

3. Observe the lights which are connected across the switches: they should beat, first
get brighter and then dim as the phasors for generator and bus respectively shift.
If the 3 lights beat concurrently, the phase sequence is correct, else if lights beat
out of phase, one pair of phases should be reversed.

4. Adjust now the prime mover to slowly increase/decrease the speed of generator 2.
One should observe a slow beat of the light brightness.

5. When the lamps beat slowly, the switches should be closed when the lights are extinguished (line-line voltage at minimum). Parallel Operation of Generators 2


Recap:
· Phase sequence must be the same
· Voltages must have same magnitude
· Frequency must be the same
· Phasors must be aligned
Note that in modern installations a ”synchroscope” is used. The synchroscope will
instruct the governor of the prime mover to set the speed, and instruct the exciter to
produce a voltage. When the phasors are detected within 5 degrees match, the
synchroscope will close the switch.

How Bipolar Transistors work

Different types of short circuit fault

Short circuit fault mainly two types:

                1.symmetrical fault
                2.unsymmetrical fault

symmetrical fault again two types:

                1.between all the three phases and ground
                2.between all the three phases

unsymmetrical fault again four types:

                1.between single phase and earth
                2.between phase and phase
                3.between two phases and earth
                4.betwee two phases and at  the same time three may be a fault between third phase and earth

What will happen if DC supply is given on the primary of a transformer?

Ans:

 Mainly transformer has high inductance and low resistance.In case of DC supply there is no inductance ,only resistance will act in the electrical circuit. So high electrical current will flow through primary side of the transformer.So for this reason coil and insulation will burn out.

 

What is induction type relay?

Ans:
induction relay works only with alternating current. It consists of an electromagnetic system which operates on a moving conductor, generally in the form of a disc or cup, and functions through the interaction of electromagnetic fluxes with the parasitic Fault currents which are induced in the rotor by these fluxes. These two fluxes, which are mutually displaced both in angle and in position, produce a torque that can be expressed by
T= Κ₁.Φ1.Φ₂ .sin θ,
Where Φ1 and Φ₂ are the interacting fluxes and θ is the phase angle between Φ1 and Φ₂. It should be noted that the torque is a maximum when the fluxes are out of phase by 90º, and zero when they are in phase.